THE KUALA
LUMPUR WAR CRIMES TRIBUNAL
Case No. 2 -
CTH - 2011
The
Kuala Lumpur War Crimes Commission
Against
1. George
Walker Bush
2. Donald
Henry Rumsfeld
3. Richard
Bruce Cheney
4. Alberto
R. Gonzales
5. David
Spears Addington
6. William
J. Haynes II
7. Jay
Scott Bybee
8. John
Choon Yoo
Submission of Amicus Curiae
1.
The prosecution has presented a formidable case of Torture and War Crime
against the 8 accused. I would like to place
on record the humility I feel at sitting across the bar table from both
prosecution counsels, Prof Nijar and Prof Boyle. Save for a few brief moments of lapse, Prof.
Nijar’s submission was thorough and devastating, and Prof Boyle was and is
perhaps the most eloquent advocate I have had the honour of listening to in
person.
2.
Save for a short outburst on day 2 regarding the issue of Ali Shalal and
the photo, I have purposely maintained my composure and refrained from standing
up and down, objecting to the slightest issue that could be objected. I did this because I am reminded of my role
as amicus curiae. I am a friend of the
Tribunal, assisting it to get to the heart of the matter, by getting a broader
picture from the witnesses, and keeping the prosecution in check in its zeal to
prosecute alleged torturers and war criminal.
I purposely did not act as a defence counsel whose task is to break down
the witnesses, raise objection after objection and provide some excitement to
the otherwise staid proceedings. To
those who think I have been too sedate, well, I am not a clown, nor am I here
to badger the witnesses for you amusement.
I am here as a friend of the Tribunal.
3.
And as friend of the Tribunal, what questions I did ask of the 3
witnesses were, to my mind, very relevant.
I admit I probably should have not pressed the point with PW3 Jameelah
about whether the beatings were for hours, or minutes, because, as succinctly
put by the Learned President, a beating is a beating. I am
grateful for that guidance.
4.
It is indeed true. Torture is
torture, whether it is committed against a man or a woman, white, black,
yellow, brown or any colour in between, to a Muslim, Hindu, Christian or Jew
(to paraphrase Gandhi). It does not
matter who does it or to whom it is done.
Wrong is wrong.
5.
But is it wrong in
international law? That’s the task on
the prosecution’s shoulder. They have to
prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the 8 accused have indeed committed
torture.
6.
Have they proven it beyond a reasonable doubt? Well, let’s break it down one by one.
7.
The prosecution started off its case by bringing 3 witnesses to testify
under oath as to what happened to them.
All 3 witnesses gave varying accounts of being taken/abducted, brought
to a facility under the command of American military and thereafter subjected
to various extreme conditions that the prosecution labels as torture.
8.
First question: Can we believe
their account of what happened to them?
The purpose of cross-examination (by defence counsel, or amicus in this
case) is to elicit the hidden facts that were not apparent at first blush
during the examination-in-chief by the prosecution. What was a very straightforward
story/account, under cross-examination can something reveal facets not apparent
at first glance.
9.
We all were able to hear what 3 of the 5 witnesses said in this Tribunal
here. The other 2, Ali Shalal and
Rhuhel, we were not able to hear the words from their own mouth. Was Rhuhel, the boy who went to
Afghanistan to smoke ganja/marijuana with friends, telling the truth, the whole
truth and nothing but the truth in his statutory declaration which is already
now before the Tribunal? We won’t really
know for sure. But more importantly, we
won’t get a chance to know for sure.
Why, because we didn’t get to see how he reacts answering
questions, we didn’t get to listen to the words from his mouth with all the
nuances that can give us the cue as to whether he was a witness of true or
something else; and we didn’t get to ask him the tough questions that may
expand his story to give a whole different tenor to his testimony. That is the very purpose of
cross-examination. And unfortunately for
Rhuhel, his testimony is in the record without going through, if you like, the
testing fire of cross-examination.
10.
For example, take the first witness Abbas Abid. He came, face all covered, and we first got
to know him as Chief Engineer with a dream for a big family. He wanted 15 children. He only has 5. By my count, that is big. By his count, not big enough. He then went on to tell us of what happened
to him, first at Al Muthanna Brigade
HQ, then at Al-Jadiria. Only during cross-examination did he reveal
that he was a government servant in the government of Saddam Hussein,
admittedly, not the nicest fellow to have walked the earth. Was that oversight deliberate? I don’t know.
I do not wish to speculate. But
it does make me wonder what else was left out.
Especially in his account about the being tortured. In examination-in-chief, he was identifying
this person and that person as Americans.
When asked HOW did he actually do that, the answer eventually led to the
admission under the hood that was put over his head while he was tortured, he
could not identify whether the ones who tortured him were Americans or
not. He said this even during
re-examination by the prosecution. So
that is that for PW1.
11.
For completeness sake, it is regrettable that the prosecution has not
provided the Court with any documentation linking with the Al Muthanna Brigade HQ, nor the Al-Jadiria facility as being
American controlled. I am minded that
judicial notice can be taken, but the above 2 facilities are not as famous as
Guantanamo which was clearly American.
So from where I stand, there is not a shred of evidence that links
either Al Muthanna Brigade HQ,
nor the Al-Jadiria with the
Americans and the testimony of Abbas does not identify Americans as being the
perpetrators[1]. In addition, there is also no medical report
tendered to confirm the injuries of Abbas.
12.
I humbly submit that this Tribunal find that for the torture of Abbas,
sad as it may be, has not in any way been proven to be linked to the Americans
in any way by the prosecution.
13.
With Jameelah, PW3, we have a strong woman, a respected woman in
the community, a widow who raised 3 children after the death of her husband in 1999. She is a proud Baath party member, and would
have provided money to the resistance if she had extra. Why was this not in her statement? She was very vocal, passionate and
overflowing (even to the extent of volunteering information after re-examination)
in her testimony, always hinting that what she said was merely the tip of the
iceberg, but never saying more.
14.
Even the rapes alleged in the last paragraph of her Statutory Declaration
were made very generally as “Women have
suffered tremendously and many have been raped.” Upon further questioning, she admitted that
that is hearsay evidence and she did not in fact witness said rapes. So, was she tortured by the Americans? There are 2 exhibits to her Statutory
Declaration. The first is an extremely
faint document titled “Release form for detained civilians” with the
handwritten portions visible but not much else of the printed portion is
readable. The second is an ICRC
certification that she was detained from 13/1/2004 to 22/6/2004. No mentioned is made of where she was
detained. Other than her say so, we have
no proof that she was detained at an American facility. Her identification of her torturers as Americans
is also based on conjecture from the assumption that since she was in the American
part of Iraq, she was therefore assaulted by American nationals. This remains merely an assumption. There is no actual identification.
15.
And speaking of identification, we have the other non-attending witness, Ali
Shalal. If his testimony in the
statutory declaration had been tendered as was done with Rhuhel’s one, that
would have been quite uneventful. But the prosecution did one up and linked it
to the photo of the hooded man standing on a box. Now that’s a problem.
16.
The TRUTH is what fallible human courts are supposed to arrive at
by the whole trial process. One side
puts up a story, it is tested by various means and according to generally
accepted rules that are called procedure.
They differ from one place to the next, but the binding thread in all of
them is that they are designed to try their best to ‘get to the truth’ in the
best possible manner. Witnesses are
humans. And they are subject to the same
human weaknesses as all of us.
Exaggeration is one of them. We
have seen quite a few instances in this trial and the last one.
17.
By linking, however subtly, the statutory declaration of Ali Shalal to
the newspaper cutting, by waving it in the air, the prosecution makes that
link. Now, there is a problem with such
a link. The problem is this: We cannot be too sure whether Ali Shalal is
indeed the man in the photo. Ali Shalal
himself cannot be certain he is the man in the photo.
18.
So what? Does it matter? The prosecution went, very logically to say,
and I paraphrase here, “If it was not him, better, it means that this was done
to at least 2 persons” implying if more than 1 person were to have been treated
in this fashion, it bolsters the prosecution’s case. That is true.
19.
But consider this. The possibility
of Ali Shalal NOT being the man in the picture raises a question mark over his
testimony, which unfortunately is only in the form of a statutory declaration
before this Tribunal. Is his testimony
the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth? We cannot ask him. Does it matter that his testimony be as
closest to the truth? Yes. Yes it does.
Especially on issues like torture.
20.
It is reported, yes in the New York Times, that he has identified with
that picture, saying that it is him. He
even puts that picture on his business cards.
But one has to ask: If he was in
the hood, how would he know for sure if that picture was in fact of him? But more importantly, if there is a chance it
wasn’t him, is there any benefit he claims that he is the man in that
picture? Is there any benefit if he
exaggerates a little and say that person is he?
21.
Why, of course there is a benefit.
There is a big benefit. That is
the defining picture of Abu Ghraib. That
is the defining picture that turned the tide on the war on terror. That picture, if it’s YOU, will open doors
for you that you never knew existed. Doors
which lead to fame. Is Ali Shalal a
publicity hunter? We may never
know. Is Ali Shalal telling the truth? We never got to ask him.
22.
The New York Times series of articles report that:
Ali Shalal Qaissi, soon emerged as their chief representative, appearing in publications and on television in several countries to detail his suffering. His prominence made sense, because he claimed to be the man in the photograph that had become the international icon of the Abu Ghraib scandal: standing on a cardboard box, hooded, with wires attached to his outstretched arms. He had even emblazoned the silhouette of that image on business cards.The trouble was, the man in the photograph was not Mr. Qaissi. [Editors' Note]Military investigators had identified the man on the box as a different detainee who had described the episode in a sworn statement immediately after the photographs were discovered in January 2004, but then the man seemed to go silent.Mr. Qaissi had energetically filled the void, traveling abroad with slide shows to argue that abuse in Iraq continued, as head of a group he called the Association of Victims of American Occupation Prisons. ... This week, after the online magazine Salon raised questions about the identity of the man in the photograph, Mr. Qaissi and his lawyers insisted he was telling the truth. Certainly, he was at Abu Ghraib, and appears with a hood over his head in some photographs that Army investigators seized fromthe computer belonging to Specialist Charles Graner, the soldier later convicted of being the ringleader of the abuse.However, he now acknowledges he is not the man in the specific photograph he printed and held up in a portrait that accompanied the Times article. But he and his lawyers maintain that he was photographed in a similar position and shocked with wires and that he is the one on his business card. The Army says it believes only one prisoner was treated in that way. "I know one thing," Mr. Qaissi said yesterday, breaking down in tears when reached by telephone. "I wore that blanket, I stood on that box, and I was wired up and electrocuted."In the spring of 2004, Mr. Qaissi approached Muhammad Hamid al-Moussawi, the deputy director of the Human Rights Organization of Iraq, and proposed that the men set up a group for prisoners of the occupation, Mr. Moussawi said this week. Yet Mr. Qaissi never claimed at the time that he had been the man in the photograph, Mr. Moussawi recalled.A journalist who interviewed Mr. Qaissi three times that May and June about what happened at Abu Ghraib similarly said he never mentioned the pose or the photograph. The journalist, Gert Van Langendonck, said Mr. Qaissi mentioned the other cruelties he described in the Times profile.A lawsuit Mr. Qaissi joined, filed on July 27, 2004, also made no allegation that he was shocked with wires or forced to stand on a box.
... Mr. Qaissi seems to have first begun identifying himself as the
hooded man in the fall of 2004,
Soon, Mr. Qaissi was featured in numerous profiles, including in Der
Spiegel, reprinted by Salon, as well as on the PBS current affairs program
"Now," where he described being shocked: "It felt like my
eyeballs were coming out of my sockets." With his soft voice and
occasionally self-deprecating humor, he has impressed interviewers as affable
and credible. He told his story with a level of detail that separated it from
that of many others. And on this,
please see See Prosecution Bundle 3B, page 1188, para 32, line 3:- "As the
electric current entered my whole body, I felt as if my eyes were being forced
out and sparks flying out."
23.
This all raises the question again:
So what? So what if it was not
Ali Shalal in the photo. The photo
exists. Ah, but that is layman
talk. This is Tribunal of law. We talk law here also. And law is about facts, first and foremost. “It is easy to confuse photographs with
reality. To many of us, photographs are reality.” This also links later with my point on the movie
that was shown, “Taxi To The Dark Side”.
“We see the picture of the Hooded Man. We imagine the abuse. Quotes from
Clawman in the accompanying text confirms our worst suspicions about what
happened at Abu Ghraib. Our beliefs about the picture are confirmed – except
that we know nothing more than when we started. We have learned nothing. ...
One human rights worker suggested that it made no difference whether Clawman
was really the Hooded Man – that his testimony was no less valid. I do not
agree. Now we are talking about reality – not about photographs.
Clawman was a prisoner at Abu Ghraib. He was most likely subjected to abuse,
but whatever his account might be, it’s not the account of the man in the
picture. That man is Gilligan – not Clawman.”
24.
We saw the movie “Taxi to the dark side”.
We imagined reality as that. But
it’s not. That was a highly produced,
carefully edited movie to present a view which may not be the view that is near
the truth. It may even be a skewed
view. If it were unedited video, it
would be better. Of course, we would all
be sleeping, but for the purposes of video evidence in a court/tribunal of law,
unedited is better than edited. If maker
can come and give evidence about the video or photograph, that’s even
better. Because that would better help
us get to the truth. And that is
precisely why I made it a point to raise the doubt that there is a possibility
that Ali Shalal may not have been the man in the photo – but only after the
prosecution made that link. Without that
waving of the newspaper cutting, it would have been a very uneventful tendering
of a previous statutory declaration by a witness who cannot attend, I would
just stand up for a short point on the inherent dangers of hearsay evidence and
that would be it.
25.
I move on now to Moazzam Begg, PW2. He exudes the confidence and serenity that
belie the treatment he had been through.
Was he detained by the Americans?
Of course he was. He was at
Guantanamo and Bagram for goodness sake.
As with Abbas, it is most unfortunate that his testimony during
Examination-in-chief focused on his life starting at the point he was captured
and incarcerated. That gives such a
myopic view of a life. Moazzam is more
than his sufferings. During cross
examination we found out owned a bookstore, and had spent a few day at a
training camp in Afghanistan. Why had
these facts not been disclosed in his earlier statutory declaration made in
2009? They were already common knowledge
by then, having appeared in newspapers.
We also learnt that at Guantanamo there are books, and while he did not
get to read current affairs, he was able to read Dickens and the first 5 Harry
Potter books.
26.
I believe this is an opportune moment to view a video, if there is no
objections as to the type of medical care that is available at Guantanamo. I wish to air a short clip, not more than 15
minutes from the movie SICKO by Michael Moore which came out in 2007. The story concerns the American health care
system, and the movie is basically a scathing summary of what is wrong with
it. To make a point, Michael Moore got 3
rescue workers from the 9/11 incident and attempted to bring them to Guantanamo
Bay to try to get the healthcare they did not get back Stateside. He begins with the question: They say
that you can judge a society by how it treats those who are the worst off. But is the opposite true? That you can judge a society by how it treats
its best? part
10[2]
(start at time stamp 2:18) ... continue with part 11[3]
(stop at time stamp 4:40)
27.
Yes, Amicus is submitting that Guantanamo is not all that bad. Based on that video. But then, how can we know the full story from
a mere 15-minute clip. How indeed.
28.
In fact, can we really get the story from a 1 hour plus movie like “Taxi To The Dark Side”? It is a good movie, alright, documentary. But it has a narrative, and that narrative
has a purpose: To make us see the
Dilawar story. Is that the only story to
be told from Guantanamo? Of course
not. Does it prejudice the 8 accused? Yes.
Of course it does. It makes it
look like all 8 of them are some horrible people. Does it tell the story of “WHY”? No it does not. Did I object to it being shown even when I
only had about an hour or so notice that the prosecution intended it to be
shown? Of course not. Because I am here to assist the Court, not
attack the prosecution’s case. I am here
to point out where the prosecution may be overstating something, or
understating, or not stating, or accidentally misstating it. So I do not object to it. I do not object to the fact that it shows
contrite, or seemingly contrite low-level soldiers blaming the situation,
blaming not being trained well enough before having to do interrogation, and
basically blaming the higher-ups for their, the soldier’s, own acts of harming
the prisoners under their care.
29.
Anyone doing criminal law will know how accomplices will usually turn on one another upon being
caught, saying that the other one was the mastermind, and that he was the
innocent, unwitting, naive or stupid person who tagged along for the ride and
got entangled in the mess. Of course
we’ve heard of this. Of course the low
level people will point up and say, “Command Responsibility”. And people want to believe that those in command are omnipresent and omniscience. That’s really what command responsibility is
all about. The rogue soldier, the rogue
underling saying, “boo-hoo. Poor me.
I am the victim for doing all these bad naughty things to those
people. It’s my boss’ fault”. Haven’t we heard that one before? Of course we want to ‘get’ the boss. That’s the marquee name. That’s the big fish. And so we close our eyes to the fact that
maybe, just maybe, the low-level soldier indeed was rogue, or nuts, or a
sadist, or whatever. Forget about him,
or her. Get the big fish.
30.
So how does international law ‘get’ the big fish? By saying ‘command responsibility’. That’s the simple way out. That’s the magic phrase. From a standard of “what the superior
actually knew” at Nuremberg, it became “constructive knowledge” and “negligent
disregard” at Tokyo Tribunals, and Geneva Protocol I added “knowledge the
superior should have had” and “standards of negligence for not knowing.”[4]
31.
That’s a little like cheating: moving the goalpost. And this totally disregards that fact that
America did not ratify Geneva Protocol 1[5]
32.
Now why would I even bother talking about the United States of America
not ratifying Protocol I. Surely that
doesn’t matter right? Surely we can
catch it all under the big umbrella that is “customary international law”. Ah, that’s the other magic phrase. Just say it, and everything will be ok. But is that really the case?
33.
Customary international law and jus
cogens are like the snake-oil of international law. It can cure everything. Sprinkle a little, and any situation can be
covered. Really? Does every country agree on the definition of
torture? For example the definition in
Article 1 of the 1984 CAT? Malaysia
doesn’t. I wonder why? But no matter, it’s customary international
law. That should fix everything.
34.
Does it really? No. No it does not. When you think about it, international law
really boils down to TREATIES. What
countries, in their sovereign state decide to do when they are relating to
other countries.
35.
International
law is basically what treaties say they are – forget
about jus cogens, forget about
customary international law. It is
treaties, i.e. what countries/States want to be bound by, in their absolute
discretion – and what more, it is only treaties that parties sign, ratify, and
don’t put reservations to that are binding.
Each individual State is a sovereign nation. If it wishes to join the fold and become part
of the community of nations, logically, it has to make agreements, sign
treaties, with other nations, or join the normal general treaties that most
nations subscribe to, it’s like joining a club.
You don’t have to. But if you do,
you agree to be bound by and adhere to the standards and norms of that
club. And by extending the club analogy,
there are various forms of memberships for nations, just as there are different
classes of nations at the United Nations.
Some have veto. Others
don’t. Is it fair. Of course not. But without that veto, they wouldn’t join. Why?
Because they had the big guns, called nuclear weapons, and if you don’t
give them the nice big chair and that loud megaphone, they won’t come to your
party and play nicely.
36.
The very fact that any nation can choose to sign or not sign, and then
either ratify or not ratify, and lastly put in a reservation or accept the
treaty wholeheartedly is a clear indication, nay, it is proof positive that in
the realm of international relations, one thing is absolutely certain: All States come to the table as a
sovereign nation. They owe no other
nation anything when it comes to deciding in what manner and how exactly they
will join the community of nations.
37.
Conscience guided by law and justice cannot turn a blind eye to the fact
that international law exists because each and every country in the world at
one point decided that, “yes, I do not want to be an island. I need to be part of the community of
nations, I will therefore fall in line and be part of it by accepting and
performing the obligations under it”. Treaties
are contracts. And they are written
down. What is not written down is not
agreed to. There are, of course, oral
treaties , which are envisaged by Vienna Convention Article 2(1)(a). This is basic contract law. This is basic treaty law.
38.
Do permit me to quote from the Quran on this, from Surah Al-Maedah, verse
1 (translation by Yusuf Ali)[6]:
“O ye who believe! fulfil (all) obligations. Lawful unto you (for food) are all four-footed animals, with the exceptions named: But animals of the chase are forbidden while ye are in the sacred precincts or in pilgrim garb: for Allah doth command according to His will and plan.”
39. 5:1 – fulfil obligations
40.
Ah, but the wet-behind-the-ears international law student will ask: What about customary international law? What about jus cogens? Here’s the
painful answer: It does not mean a
thing. Not for international law that
relates to war, at least. For
international contracts and stuff involving money, yeah, people will play by
the general rules generally laid down.
But ALL IS FAIR IN LOVE AND WAR.
Especially war.
41.
War is like a black hole. The
general theory of relativity posits that there are black holes, and in the
centre of black holes there is the singularity where the laws of physics cease
to exist[7].
42.
War does that to laws. To international
laws even. From the 19th century until
World War I, States had sovereign rights to go to war for good reason, bad
reason or no reason. After World War I, under the
Covenant of the League of Nations, States were prohibited from going to war in
certain circumstances but allowed to go to war in other circumstances[8]. After
World War II, under the UN Charter, States are prohibited from
unilateral threat or use of force except in self-defence.
43. Our submission? After 9/11,
after the war on terror, the law now, the international law now is: “torture is
ok”.
44.
Video sequence from “24” - Is 24_s Jack Bauer Teaching Torture to U.S.
Soldiers_[9]
45.
We all want to say torture is bad.
But given the right circumstances, most of us, if not all of us would say,
yeah, “Waterboard him. Beat the crap out
of him.” I couldn’t ask Jameelah that
question on Tuesday. So I say it now,
from the Bar. Given the right
circumstances, I’d probably say ok to torture too. I’d probably torture too. I am human.
And for those of us who have searched our souls and are honest in this
room, I think you’ll say the same too.
46.
But let’s get back to the assertion we made: Torture is now ok after 9/11, after the war
on terror. The world has changed. International law has changed. For the better or for the worst it doesn’t
matter. The legal point is: it has changed.
47.
The prosecution’s view of war is wonderful actually. You go to war, but you have all these
rules. Rules that all parties agree
to. Rules that all parties will
obey. Very idealistic. Very naive.
48.
Wars used to only be fought by uniformed armies on a fixed battlefield –
sometimes called a war theatre. There
was place where you fought. That’s
where we get the words like Marathon and Waterloo, and we remember places like
Gettysburg and Dunkirk. There was a
fixed place with a fixed uniformed army.
49.
The laws of war that the prosecution has so thoroughly explained to us
yesterday works. Yes. For those wars. For those situations.
50.
Today, wars are being fought in realms.
Iran, just last month was a victim of a cyber attack[10].
It had to disconnect several of its main Persian Gulf oil terminals from the
Internet. Yes, it’s a New York Times
reference again. When you have an army
which declares itself to be an army who is against you, it makes sense to have
rules of war. It makes sense to afford
the other side the ‘courtesy’ and respect given to warriors. The code of Bushido for the samurai comes to
mind.
51.
That was a different age. As an
aside, computer hacking used to be the realm of actual geeks who were smart
people who put in the hours to learn the ins-and-out of computers. They knew that the knowledge and skill came
at a price. And there was a sense of a
code for them. Nowadays, any fool who
can get his hands on a scripting tool can pretend to be a hacker. In the same way, to be a warrior in days of
yore, you had to have skills. You had to
have undergone rigorous training which would have, in some ways instilled in
you a sense of honour. And having a code
of conduct for war, the ‘laws of war’ if you like, made sense. All the rules of conduct of war was for a
different time.
52.
But when you start having civilian aeroplanes being used as weapons, when
you start having bombs in shoes, when you start bombing Hawaii on a Sunday
morning, when you start putting people in gas chambers by the millions, all
bets are off. That’s when the
laws of war change. That’s when you
start becoming, “the destroyer of worlds” as Oppenheimer sadly wrote. That’s when you create something like
Nuremberg which was, let’s not deny it, victor’s justice. And in the words of a former panel member of
this Tribunal,
“In full view of international opinion at Nuremberg, the Allied powers, in an agreement drafted decided to try the leaders, including political and military, of the Axis powers. There were prosecutors in full military dress of the Allied powers addressing members of the Tribunal. And no issue of bias was raised. Judges were all from the Allied countries. And not a single issue raised of affection or bias, even doubt.”
53.
International law changes after wars.
That’s our point. And after the
war on terror, after 9/11, torture is ok.
54.
For the small point about whether there was breach of United States
municipal law – John Yoo and the documents I have quoted in Defence
Document Volume 3 have answered that.
Let me just give the highlights:
a.
The conclusion reached by Michael Stokes Paulsen in his Yale Law Journal
article, at page 81 at Volume 3 is,
“what is the force of international law, for the United States, and who
determines that force and interprets and applies international law for the
United States? For all the complexities and intricacies of the details, the
summary answer is remarkably straightforward: under the U.S. Constitution,
international law is only “law” for the United States when the U.S.
Constitution makes it so or empowers U.S. constitutional officials to invoke it
in support of their powers. Wherever the Constitution does make it so, such law
is always controlled by the (sometimes conflicting) interpretations of the law
by U.S. actors and never by the interpretations of international or foreign
tribunals. And such international-law-as-U.S.-law is always subordinate to the
superior constitutional powers of U.S. constitutional actors; it may be
superseded, as a matter of U.S. law, almost at will.
The force of international law, as a body of law, upon the United States
is thus largely an illusion. On matters of war, peace, human rights, and torture—
some of the most valued
matters on which international law speaks—its voice may be silenced by contrary
U.S. law or shouted down by the exercise of U.S. constitutional powers that
international law has no binding domestic-law power to constrain. International
law, for the United States, is international policy and politics.”
b. The testimony of the same person before the
Subcommittee on Administrative Oversight and the Court of the US Senate
Committee on the Judiciary on May 13, 1999 which can be found at page 372 of
Amicus Bundle Volume 3. In brief, he
says,
i. at page 374, last paragraph, 3rd line “There exists a basis ... certainly
defensible”
ii. at page 376, 2nd paragraph from the bottom, at
point 2, “Second, even if one
disagreed with the statutory ... constitutional issues”
iii. page 377, 3rd and 4th paragraph: “To be sure ...
iv. page 378, point 3. “Third
... ’ – whole paragraph.
55.
Let’s not belabour the point. We
are not happy with torture being used.
Full stop. In this room, I can
say that. Everyone can say that. But there is a world outside this room. And outside this room,
a.
You don’t catch a suspected murderer or rapist or robber or terrorist and
give him tea and fruit. You give him
Harry Potter, but not tea and fruit. You
get information that you need from him so that this world in this room can
continue. Yes, the needs of the many
outweigh the rights of the few. Sad to
say, but that’s true.
b. Torture is being used, has been used, has
always been used. Even in times of
peace. Anne Boleyn lost her head history
say due to a confession extracted through torture. One might even say Christianity started with
the torture of one guy on the cross. And
let’s not talk about what people all over the world have alleged their police
forces have done while “investigating crimes”.
c.
The prosecution has alleged that detention without trial is torture. It has been said of Guantanamo[11],
“Previously, they [referring to the USA and Britain] criticised Malaysia
for purportedly being cruel by detaining people without trial. But they are the
ones doing it now. They have probably
just realised that in certain situations, Malaysia had to detain people without
trial. But what they are doing in Guantanamo Bay is even more cruel by
passing laws allowing the torture of detainees,”
56.
We live in the real world. Not ONLY
in this very nice room only where there’s plenty of food, gratis, downstairs.
57.
I apologise if what I have said have hurt ... someone. Anyone.
I have tried to be a good friend to the Tribunal.
58.
And as a final note, I wish to say I am heartened that all 3 witnesses
who came here have found the courage and strength to move on, to be of good
cheer, and that was evident during their time testifying, as you may have all
seen.
Dated this 10
May 2012
(signed)
_____________________
Jason Kay
Amicus Curiae
Amici Curia team:
Dr. Mohd
Hisham bin Mohd Kamal
Dr. Abbas
Hardani
Galoh
Nursafinas Samsudin (Ms)
Soo Kok Weng
[1] Short v Iran, as
referenced at pages 224-225, Public International Law, A Practical Approach
(3rd edition)
[2] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SpSgDeCYdfY&feature=relmfu
[3] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nxV1xbQtsQQ&feature=relmfu
[6] http://www.quranonline.net/html/trans/options/yali/5.html
[7] At the center of a black hole lies the singularity, where matter is
crushed to infinite density, the pull of gravity is infinitely strong, and
spacetime has infinite curvature. Here it's no longer meaningful to speak of
space and time, much less spacetime. Jumbled up at the singularity, space and
time cease to exist as we know them. - http://archive.ncsa.illinois.edu/Cyberia/NumRel/BlackHoleAnat.html
[8] Article 12(1) of the Covenant of the League
[9] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LdxV6G19R8o
- Uploaded by HRFNYC on Mar 8, 2007
[10] http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/24/world/middleeast/iranian-oil-sites-go-offline-amid-cyberattack.html?_r=1
[11] http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2011/9/20/nation/9534281&sec=nation
